The Soviet project in the Nogai Steppe in the 1930s–1940s: from collectivization to land reclamation.

The publication examines the history of the development of irrigation systems on the territory of the Nogai steppe, as well as the role of land reclamation on the administrative and socio-economic situation of nomadic and semi-nomadic Nogai people during the collectivization of agriculture. Despite the rich historiography on the history of relations between the socialist govern-
ment and nomadic peoples, the specifics of the implementation of the Soviet project in the Nogai environment did not become the subject of separate studies, which determines the novelty of our study. Of no small importance in solving the research work is the study of the influence of natural and climatic factors on the transformation of the economic activity of the Nogais in the 1930s and 1940s. The main source base was materials extracted from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the State Archive of the Modern History of the Stavropol Territory. The inclusion of previously unpublished sources in the scholarly realm has enabled us to ascertain the progressive nature of the integration of reclamation technologies into the economic fabric of Nogai life. The intensive development of surface waters facilitated the advancement and modernization of animal husbandry in the steppe region, through the creation of a substantial fodder reserve and the extensive mechanization of labor-intensive tasks in Nogai collective and state farms. 

1. BADMAEVA E.N. K voprosu o prirodno-klimaticheskih faktorah i perehode na osedlost' kalmykov-kochevnikov (1920–1930-e gg.) [On the Question of Natural and Climatic Factors and the Transition to Settlement of Nomadic Kalmyks (1920–1930s)]. IN: Kaspijskij region: politika, jekonomika, kul'tura. – 2023. – No 2 (75). – P. 102–111. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.54398/1818510H_2023_2_102. (In Russ.).

2. DZHUMAGULOVA A.T. Recepcija sovetskogo proekta v nogajskih stepjah Severnogo Kavkaza v 1920–1930-e gg. [Implementation of the soviet project in the Nogai steppes of the North Caucasus in the 1920s–1930s]. IN: Kaspijskij region: politika, jekonomika, kul'tura. – 2023. – No 2 (75). – P. 91–101. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.54398/1818510H_2023_2_91. (In Russ.).

3. DZHUMAGULOVA A.T. Sovetskaja politika «akkul'turacii» kochevyh narodov juga Rossii (na materialah nogajcev Severnogo Kavkaza) [The Soviet policy of «acculturation» of the nomadic peoples of Southern Russia (based on the materials of the Nogais of the North Caucasus)]. IN: SSSR: ot rozhdenija do raspada. Novye podhody k istorii obrazovanija SSSR: sbornik statej po materialam vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, Stavropol', 10–11 nojabrja 2022 goda. – Stavropol': Stavropol'skij gosudarstvennyj agrarnyj universitet, 2022. – P. 47-53. (In Russ.).

4. Gosudarstvennyj arhiv novejshej istorii Stavropol'skogo kraja [State Archive of the Modern History of the Stavropol Territory]. (In Russ.).

5. Gosudarstvennyj arhiv Rossijskoj Federacii [State Archive of the Russian Federation]. (In Russ.).

6. GUBANOV R.S. Istorija razvitija irrigacionnyh sistem Stavropol'skogo kraja [The history of the development of irrigation systems of the Stavropol Territory]. IN: Nauka, obrazovanie i kul'tura. – 2017. – No6 (21). – P. 114-116. (In Russ.).

7. KALMYKOV I.KH., KEREITOV R.KH., SIKALIEV A.I.-M. Nogaitsy: istoriko-etnograficheskii ocherk [Nogais: a historical and ethnographic essay]. – Cherkessk. Stavropol'skoeknizhnoe izdatel'stvo

8. Karachaevo-Cherkesskoe otdelenie, 1988. – 232 p. (In Russ.).

9. KUZHELEVA L.N. Socialisticheskie preobrazovanija v hozjajstve, kul'ture i bytu nogajcev: diss... kand. ist. nauk [Socialist transformations in the economy, culture and everyday life of Nogais]. – Leningrad, 1964. – 249 p. (In Russ.).

10. Reka schast'ja: Sbornik k 50-letiju Nevinnomysskogo kanala [River of happiness: Collection for the 50th anniversary of the Nevinnomyssky Canal] / Sostavitel' by N. F. Blohin. – Stavropol': Departament «Stavropol'krajvodhoz», 1997. – 207 p. (In Russ.).

11. SAMOTOEV A.S. Intensivnoe hozjajstvennoe osvoenie poverhnostnyh vod Stavropol'skogo kraja, na primere stroitel'stva Kuban'-Egorlykskoj obvodnitel'no-orositel'noj sistemy [Intensive eco-

12. nomic development of surface waters of the Stavropol Territory, on the example of the construction of the Kuban-Egorlyk irrigation system]. IN: Aktual'nye problemy gumanitarnyh i estestvennyh

13. nauk. – 2011. – No 6. – P. 236-238. (In Russ.).

14. SHUMILIN A.O. Organizacija kormovoj bazy dlja zhivotnovodstva v Nogajskoj stepi [Organization of a feed base for animal husbandry in the Nogai steppe]. – Groznyj: Groznenskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1953. – 80 p. (In Russ.).

15. SOBISEVICH A.V. «Esli pochvoveda pochemu-to nel'zja vkljuchit' v delegaciju, prosim fizika ili himika»: sovetskie proekty preobrazovanija prirody i ih prezentacija za rubezhom [«If for some reason a soil scientist cannot be included in the delegation, we ask a physicist or a chemist»: Soviet nature transformation projects and their presentation abroad]. IN: Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Istorija. – 2022. – No 4(59). – P. 92-101. – DOI 10.17072/2219-3111-2022-4-92-101. (In Russ.).

16. Spravochnik po fondam arhivnogo otdela administracii goroda Pjatigorska Stavropol'skogo kraja [Directory of funds of the archival department of the administration of the city of Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Territory]. – Pjatigorsk: Arhivnyj otdel administracii goroda Pjatigorska, 2023. – 131 p. [Jelektronnyj resurs. URL: https://pyatigorsk.org/ (data obrashhenija: 18.07.2023)]. (In Russ.).

17. UISENBAEV A.A. Sovremennye etnicheskie i sotsiokul'turnye protsessy u nogaitsev: sostoyanie problemy: diss... kand. ist. nauk [Modern ethnic and socio-cultural processes among the Nogais: the state of the problem]. – Moscow, 1992, 152 p. (In Russ.).

18. VINOGRADOV S.V., JERDNEEVA B.A. Rol' melioracii v social'no-jekonomicheskom razvitii kochevyh narodov Juga Rossii (seredina 1920-h – 1930-e gg.) [The role of land reclamation in the socio-economic development of the nomadic peoples of the South of Russia (middle 1920s– 1930s).]. IN: Kaspijskij region: politika, jekonomika, kul'tura. – 2023. – No 2 (75). – P. 112–121. – DOI https://doi.org/10.54398/1818510H_2023_2_112. (In Russ.).