The classification of plaques during the pre-scythian era of the burial ground Zayukovo-3
Abstract
This article presents the classification of one of the most common categories of burial equipment of the North Caucasus population during the pre-Scythian time: sewn plaques. These ornaments made of bronze and antimony were found at the Zayukovo-3 burial ground in the burials of the VIII–VII centuries BC. Departments are allocated based on the material, sub–departments according to the shape of the surface, types – according to the manufacturing technique. The place of plaques in the burial shows that none of the selected jewelry was used as buttons and the attribution of plaques to such is a historiographical mistake. Most of the studied plaques (except for bronze hemispherical ones with a jumper (type Ia1a1) and a loop (type Ia2a) on the back, cease to exist in the middle of the VII century BC. Thus, the remaining plaques are a chrono-indicator of the terminus ante quem of the finale of the classical stage of the Koban culture and the beginning of the Scythian time.
About the Authors
Anna A. Kadieva
Kabardino-Balkar Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Sergey V. Demidenko
Kabardino-Balkar Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. BELINSKII A.B., DUDAREV S.L. Mogil'nik Klin-Jar III i ego mesto sredi drevnostej Kavkaza i Jugo-Vostochnoj Evropy nachala jepohi Rannego zheleza [Klin-Yar III burial ground and its place among the antiquities of the Caucasus and Southeast Europe at the beginning of the Early Iron Age]. – Stavropol': Dizajn-studija B, 2015. – 373 s. (In Russ.).
2. BULATOVA A.G., GADZHIEVA S.SH., SERGEEVA G.A. Odezhda narodov Dagestana. Istoriko-jetnograficheskij atlas. [Clothing of the peoples of Dagestan. Historical and ethnographic atlas]. – Pushhino: Institut istorii, arheologii i jetnografii DagNC RAN, 2001. – 289 s. (In Russ.).
3. DUDAREV S.L. Vzaimootnoshenija plemen Severnogo Kavkaza s kochevnikami Jugo-Vostochnoj Evropy v predskifskuju jepohu (IX – VII v. do n. je.) [Mutual relations of tribes of Cau-casus and East European nomads in pre-Scythian epoch (IX–VII c. BC)] / Otv. red.: I. I. Gorlova, V. B. Vinogradov. – Armavir: Armavirskij gos. ped. in-t, 1999. – 402 s. (In Russ.).
4. DUDAREV S.L. Belorechenskij 2-j mogil'nik – pamjatnik jepohi rannego zheleza Kavkazskih Mineral'nyh Vod [Belorechensk 2nd burial ground – monument of the Early Iron age of the Caucasian Mineral Waters]. IN: Materialy i issledovanija po arheologii Severnogo Kavkaza. Vyp. 3 / Otv. red. V. B. Vinogradov. – Armavir: Armavirskij gos. ped. in-t, 2004. – 84 s. (In Russ.).
5. FJODOROV-DAVYDOV G.A. Statisticheskie metody v arheologii [Statistical methods in archaeology]. – M.: «Vysshaja shkola», 1987. – 216 s. (In Russ.).
6. FLJOROV V.S., DUBOVSKAJA O.R., Muzhskie pogrebenija kobanskogo mogil'nika Klin-Jar III v g. Kislovodske [Men’s burials of Koban cemetery Klin-Yar III in city of Kislovodsk]. IN: Vestnik Shelkovogo puti. Arheologicheskie istochniki. I. – M.: Centr «Shelkovyj put'», 1993. – S. 262-303. (In Russ.).
7. HORVAT V., Bronzovye uzdechnye raspredeliteli remnej iz mogil'nika u s. Batina (Kishkjoseg), Zapadnaja Horvatija. K voprosu rasprostranenija i hronologii detalej konskogo ubora i vooruzhenija, ukrashennyh soljarnym znakom vo vtoroj polovine VIII – pervoj polovine VI v. do n.je. [Bronze bridle belt distributors from the burial ground near the village of Batin (Kiskeseg), Western Croatia. On the issue of distribution and chronology of details of horse headgear and weapons decorated with a solar sign in the second half of the VIII – first half of the VI century BC.]. IN: Materialy i issledovanija po arheologii Severnogo Kavkaza. – Vyp. 19. – 2021. – S. 141-166. (In Russ.).
8. JERLIH V.R. Severo-Zapadnyj Kavkaz v nachale zheleznogo veka. Protomeotskaja gruppa pamjatnikov [The North-Western Caucasus at the beginning of the Iron Age. Protomeothic group of monuments.]. – M.: Nauka, 2007. – 430 s. (In Russ.).
9. HUSSEIN MUZAHIM MAHMOUD Nimrud: The Queens' Tombs. – Baghdad-Chicago: Ori-ental Institute of the University of Chicago. 2016. – 438 r.
10. KADIEVA A.A., DEMIDENKO S.V. Nebesnoe stado: ozherel'ja predskifskogo vremeni s podveskami v vide golov baranov iz mogil'nika Zajukovo-3 (po materialam raskopok 2015 g.) [The Heavenly Herd: necklaces of the pre-Scythian time with pendants in the form of ram’sheads from the cemetery of Zayukovo-3 (after the results of excavations of 2015)]. IN: Dialog 2017–2018. Dihotomija iskusstva v arheologii: lokus, obrazy, genezis: Materialy obedinennogo seminara Instituta arheologii RAN i Instituta istorii material'noj kul'tury RAN (Sankt-Peterburg, 6–7 dekabrja 2017 g.; Moskva, 6–7 dekabrja 2018 g.). Sbornik nauchnyh statej / Otv. red. E.S. Levanova, N.Ju. Smirnov. – M.: IA RAN, 2018. – S. 232–244. https://doi.org/10.25681/IARAS.2020.978-5-94375-332-9.232-244 (In Russ.).
11. KADIEVA A.A., VAL'CHAK S.B., DEMIDENKO S.V. Muzhskie pogrebeniya predskifskogo vremeni v vytyanutom polozhenii na mogil'nike Zayukovo-3 (po materialam raskopok Ob"edinennoi Severokavkazskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii GIM, KBGU i IA RAN v 2015 g.) [Male burials of the Pre-Scythian time in an extended position at the Zayukovo-3 burial ground (based on materials from excavations of the Joint North Caucasian Archaeological Expedition of the State Historical Museum, KBSU and IA RAS in 2015)]. IN: Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta Arkheologii. – 2020. – Iss. 258. – P. 165-180. – DOI: http://doi.org/10.25681/IARAS.0130-2620.258.165-180 (In Russ.).
12. KADIEVA A.A., DEMIDENKO S.V., EMKUZHEV A.A. Pogrebenie predskifskogo vremeni s bronzovym nagrudnym uborom iz mogil'nika Zajukovo – 3 (predvaritel'naja publikacija) [Burial of the pre-skythian time with a bronze chest cloth from the burial grave of Zayukovo-3 (preliminary publication)]. IN: Jelektronnyj zhurnal «Kavkazologija». – 2020. – № 2. – S. 50-67. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.31143/2542-212X-2020-2-50-67 (In Russ.).
13. KOZENKOVA V.I. Material'naya osnova byta kobanskikh plemen. Zapadnyi variant [The material basis of the life of Koban tribes. Western version]. IN: Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov Rossii. Vypusk V2-5. T. 5 / Red. B.A. Rybakov. – M.: Institut arkheologii RAN, 1998. – 200 p. (In Russ.).
14. KORIDZE D.L. K istorii kolhskoj kul'tury [On the history of the Kolkh culture]. – Tbilisi: Mecniereba, 1965. – 168 s. (In Georgian).
15. MASLOV V.E., GEJ A.N., ANDREEVA M.V. Izobrazhenija soljarnyh znakov iz mogil'nika Dysh IV [Images of solar signs from the burial ground Dysh IV]. IN: Kratkie soobshhenija Instituta Arheologii. – 2020. – Vyp. 256. – S. 153-171. – DOI: http://doi.org/10.25681/IARAS.0130-2620.256.153-171 (In Russ.).
16. RUNICH A.P., 1958. Otchet o polevyh arheologicheskih issledovanijah v rajone Kavkazskih Mineral'nyh Vod [Report on field archaeological research in the area of Caucasian Mineral Waters]. IN: Arhiv IA RAN. – R-1. – № 1720. (In Russ.).
17. RUNICH A.P., 1959. Otchet o polevyh issledovanijah v rajone Kavminvod [Report on field archaeological research in the area of Caucasian Mineral Waters] . IN: Arhiv IA RAN. – R-1. – № 2036. (In Russ.).
18. RUNICH A.P., 1969. Otchet o polevyh issledovanijah v rajone Kislovodska [Report on field archaeological research in the area of Kislovodsk]. IN: Arhiv IA RAN. – R-1. – № 5244. (In Russ.).
19. RUNICH A.P., 1970. Otchet o polevyh issledovanijah v rajone Kislovodska [Report on field archaeological research in the area of Kislovodsk]. IN: Arhiv IA RAN. – R-1. – № 4179. (In Russ.).
20. TERENOZHKIN A.I. Kimmerijcy [The Cimmerians]. – Kiev: Naukova dumka., 1976. – 224 s. (In Russ.).
21. TEKHOV B.V. Tsentral'nyi Kavkaz v XVI-X vv. do n.e. [Central Caucasus in the 16th-10th centuries BC]. – M.: Nauka, 1977. – 240 p. (In Russ.).
22. VALCHAK S.B., TARASOVA N.V., Chetyrekhlepestkovye blyashki-rozetki v predskifskikh pamyatnikakh Vostochnoy Evropy [Four-petalled rosette plaques in pre-Scythian sites of Eastern Europe]. IN: Chetvertaya Kubanskaya arkheologicheskaya konferentsiya. – Krasnodar, 2005. – Pp. 29–31. (In Russ.).
23. VINOGRADOV V. B., DUDAREV S. L., RUNICH A. P. Kimmerijsko-kavkazskie svjazi [Cimmerian-Caucasian relations]. IN: Skifija i Kavkaz / Otv. red. B. N. Mozolevskij. – Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1980. – S. 184-199. (In Russ.).
24. VORONOV JU. N. O hronologicheskih svjazjah kimmerijsko-skifskoj i kolhidskoj kul'tur [Chronological relations of the Cimmerian-Scythian and Colchian cultures]. IN: Skifija i Kavkaz. – Kiev: Naukova dumka. – S. 200-218. (In Russ.).
Review
For citations:
Kadieva A.A., Demidenko S.V. The classification of plaques during the pre-scythian era of the burial ground Zayukovo-3. Kavkazologiya. 2022;(4):16-32. (In Russ.)
Views:
18
Email this article 