"Free Kabardian’s" in the context of Russian Turkish and Ottoma-Circassianc relations in the first half of the 19th century based on russian and ottoman sources

The article discusses the role and significance of Khadzhret Kabarda in the history of the national liberation movement of the Circassian people during the Caucasian War. The Khajrets, having an effective military organization, showing high military activity in this sub-region of the North-Western Caucasus for several decades, had an influence disproportionate to their numbers among the peoples beyond the Kuban. The Russian Empire took all measures to neutralize this factor, and the Ottoman Empire used it in its geopolitical interests. The leaders of the Kabardian Khajrets, well aware of the bureaucratic structure of the Ottoman Empire, were in constant contact with the Ottoman Porte. Based on Russian and Ottoman sources, new aspects of Ottoman-Circassian relations are revealed, the chronological framework for the beginning of the resettlement of Circassians to Turkey is specified. Pre-revolutionary Russian and modern historiography attribute the beginning of the resettlement process to 1858. Documents from the Ottoman archives, first published in the article, indicate that this process took place as early as 1835. They also make it possible to identify among the migrants a new category of persons – refugees, which should be distinguished from other categories that appeared later – emigrants and displaced persons.

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