Foreign military intervention in the Caucasus in 1918-1920: the Ottoman, German and British empires

The article examines the topics related to the armed intervention of three empires - the Ottoman, German and British on the territory of the Caucasus in 1918-1920. The reasons why these states implemented their foreign policy in the Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian during the First World War and immediately after it are given. It is proved that the three empires had completely different motivations for invading the territory of the former Russian Empire in the Caucasus region. If the Ottoman Empire first of all hatched revanchist plans to return the region that once belonged to them to its state, using pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism as leverage, then the German Empire wanted to join the economic exploitation of the Caucasus, primarily the Baku oil fields. It is concluded that the most large-scale military intervention came from Great Britain, which was due to extensive pre-war investments in the oil industry of the Caucasus and, in this regard, the desire to protect their positions in this region, including by military means.

1. AMBARTSUMYAN K.R., BULYGINA T.A. Kavkaz v politike Dobrovol'cheskoj armii na yuge Rossii: Mezhdunarodnyj kontekst (1918-1920 gg.) [The Caucasus in the politics of the Volunteer Army in the South of Russia: The international context (1918-1920)]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 2020. – No. 11-1. – pp. 159-69. (In Russ.).

2. ARTEMYEV A.S., LOBANOV V.B. Dobrovol'cheskaya armiya v Terskoj oblasti: Konec 1918 – pervaya polovina 1919 gg. [The Volunteer Army in the Tersk region: The end of 1918 – the first half of 1919]. IN: Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl'. – 2019. – No. 1. – pp. 43-50. (In Russ.).

3. GAGKUEV R. G. Gorskie formirovaniya v sostave belyh armij yuga Rossii [Mountain for-mations as part of the white armies of the South of Russia]. IN: Beloe delo. 2 s"ezd predstavitelej pechatnyh i elektronnyh izdanij. – M., 2005. – S. 77-91. (In Russ.).

4. GAGKUEV R.G. Osobennosti Velikoj rossijskoj revolyucii i Grazhdanskoj vojny na Severnom Kavkaze. 1917-1920 gg. [Features of the Great Russian Revolution and Civil War in the North Caucasus. 1917-1920]. IN: Rossiya v epohu revolyucij i reform. Problemy istorii i istoriografii. – 2019. – T. 7. – S. 196-210. (In Russ.).

5. DAUDOV A. H., MESKHIDZE D. I. Nacional'naya gosudarstvennost' gorskih narodov Severnogo Kavkaza (1917-1924 gg.) [National statehood of the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus (1917-1924)]. – SPb.: SPbGU, 2009. – 224 s. (In Russ.).

6. DOBRYAKOVA N.A., DONIN A.YA., LOBANOV V.B. Antibol'shevistskie sily Tersko-Dagestanskogo regiona v period Grazhdanskoj vojny 1917-1920 gg. [Anti-Bolshevik forces of the Tersk-Dagestan region during the Civil War of 1917-1920]. IN: Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl'. – 2019. – No. 2. – pp. 58-67. (In Russ.).

7. DOBRYAKOVA N.A., LOBANOV V.B. Uzun-Hadzhi Saltinskij – voennyj i politicheskij deyatel' perioda Revolyucii i Grazhdanskoj vojny na Severnom Kavkaze (1917-1920) [Uzun-Hadji Saltinsky – military and political figure of the period of Revolution and Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917-1920)]. IN: Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl'. – 2021. – No. 2. – pp. 132-135. (In Russ.).

8. DONOGO HADJI MURAD. Nazhmuddin Gocinskij [Nazhmuddin Gotsinsky]. – Makhachka-la: DSPU, 2010. – 560 p. (In Russ.).

9. KAZHAROV A.G. Gorskaya intelligenciya ob etnopoliticheskih processah na Severnom Kavkaze: idei, proekty i itogi nacional'nogo samoopredeleniya v 1917-1918 gg. [Mountain intelli-gentsia on ethnopolitical processes in the North Caucasus: ideas, projects and results of national self-determination in 1917-1918]. IN: Vestnik AGU. – 2017. – № 4 (209). – S. 100-110. (In Russ.).

10. KAZHAROV A.G. Organizaciya «Soyuz ob"edinennyh gorcev» i separatism na Severnom Kavkaze: predposylki, dvizhushchie sily i itogi (1917-1919 gg.) [The organization "Union of United Mountaineers" and separatism in the North Caucasus: prerequisites, driving forces and results (1917-1919)]. IN: Vestnik AGU. – 2018. – № 1 (214). – S. 28-38. (In Russ.).

11. KALINOVSKIJ V.V., PETROV I.V., PUCHENKOV A.S. «Denikinskij» cerkovnyj sobor v narabotke novejshej rossijskoj arheografii ["Denikinsky" church Cathedral in the development of the newest Russian archeography]. IN: Omskij nauchnyj vestnik. Seriya Obshchestvo. Istoriya. Sovremennost'. – 2019. – T. 4. – № 4. – S. 28-34. (In Russ.).

12. KAMBIEV A.M. Azerbajdzhanskaya Demokraticheskaya Respublika i ee politika v otnoshenii Tereka i Dagestana (vtoraya polovina 1919 – pervaya polovina 1920 gg.) [The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and its policy towards Terek and Dagestan (the second half of 1919 – the first half of 1920)]. IN: Historia provinciae – zhurnal regional'noj istorii. – 2020. – Vol. 4. – No. 4. – pp. 1140-1173. (In Russ.).

13. KAMBIEV A.M. Nazhmuddin Gocinskij – aktivnyj deyatel' Revolyucii i Grazhdanskoj vojny na Severnom Kavkaze (1917-1920) [Nazhmuddin Gotsinsky – an active figure of the Revolution and Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917-1920)]. IN: Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl'. – 2021. – No. 2. – pp. 135-139. (In Russ.).

14. LOBANOV V.B. Administrativno-territorial'noe delenie Tereka i Dagestana v period Revolyucii i Grazhdanskoj vojny, 1917-1920 gg. [Administrative-territorial division of Terek and Dagestan during the Revolution and Civil War, 1917-1920]. IN: Kavkazologiya. – 2021. – No. 1. – pp. 67-80. (In Russ.).

15. MATIEV T.H. Gorskoe nacional'noe dvizhenie v revolyuciyah i grazhdanskoj vojne na Severnom Kavkaze (1917-1921) [The Mountain National Movement in Revolutions and Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917-1921)]. – Nazran': OOO «Kep», 2020. – 402 s. (In Russ.).

16. MATIEV T.H. Rol' men'shevistskoj Gruzii v podderzhke gorskogo antidenikinskogo dvizheniya v period Grazhdanskoj vojny na Severnom Kavkaze [The role of Menshevik Georgia in supporting the mountain anti-Denikin movement during the Civil War in the North Caucasus]. IN: Sovremennaya nauchnaya zhizn'. – 2019. – № 6. – S. 86-89. (In Russ.).

17. MAKHMURYAN G. G. Politika Velikobritanii v Armenii i Zakavkaz'e v 1918-1920 gg. Bremya belogo cheloveka [British policy in Armenia and Transcaucasia in 1918-1920. The white man's burden]. – Yerevan: Lusakn, 2002. – 309 p. (In Russ.).

18. PETROSYAN G. A. Otnosheniya Respubliki Armeniya s Rossiej (1918-1920 gg.) [Relations of the Republic of Armenia with Russia (1918-1920)]. – Yerevan: YSU Publishing House, 2012. – 424 p. (In Russ.).

19. PUCHENKOV A.S. Razmyshlyaya o Grazhdanskoj vojne [Reflecting on the Civil War]. IN: Vestnik Severnogo (Arkticheskogo) federal'nogo universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnye i social'nye nauki. – 2020. – No. 4. – pp. 33-37. (In Russ.).

20. PUCHENKOV A.S. Yuzhnorusskoe beloe dvizhenie i Pol'sha v gody Grazhdanskoj vojny (1919-1920 gg.) [The South Russian White Movement and Poland during the Civil War (1919-1920)]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 2020. – No. 3. – pp. 53-66. (In Russ.).

21. PYLTSYN YU.S., LOBANOV V.B. Terskoe vosstanie 1918 g. – stihijnoe vystuplenie ili splanirovannaya operaciya? [The Terek uprising of 1918 – a spontaneous performance or a planned operation?]. IN: Peterburgskij istoricheskij zhurnal. – 2020. – No. 2(26). – pp. 285-293. (In Russ.).

22. TAHOE-GODI A. Revolyuciya i kontrrevolyuciya v Dagestane [Revolution and counter-revolution in Dagestan]. – Makhachkala: Dagestan Research Institute, 1927. – 236 p. (In Russ.).

23. YUSIF-ZADEH SEVINJ ZIYA KYZY. Azerbajdzhano-britanskie otnosheniya v nachale XX veka [Azerbaijani-British relations at the beginning of the XX century]. – Baku: Təhsil, 2008. – 129 p. (In Russ.).