PRIORITY AREAS OF THE USSR STATE NATIONAL POLICY IN THE 1960s – 1980s

The article examines the problems of the implementation of state ethnic policy in one of the most difficult periods of Soviet history. It was in the 1960s and 1980s that difficulties in interaction between the center and the national regions of the country manifested themselves, and the impact of the consequences of the prevalence of the personified factor in national politics was felt. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of events on the territory of the North Caucasus region, where the specificity of the national policy was clearly manifested, expressed in the nature of the measures carried out by the center in this area. There was a process of developing new social technologies for its implementation in order to harmonize interethnic relations. Social issues related to the correction of mistakes of the past, first of all, the consequences of forced relocations of ethnic groups of the population and entire peoples, have acquired priority importance. This violated, in particular, the foundations of nation-building worked out by the peoples’ creativity. During the period under study, the forms and methods of interaction of citizens with the bodies of party and Soviet power changed significantly, the political system was improved. The state of the economic sector of the nation has become an independent factor influencing the social and political life of the multinational community. The lessons of ideological and political work on the solution of such a cardinal task as the formation of the “Soviet people” community require a new understanding. This concept reflected not only the ideological and political conjuncture of the early 1970s, in fact it took half a century of development to make possible official statement of its implementation. At the same time, during this period, the dynamism of the reforms that was observed in this sphere of social life in the 1920s was lost, and the established "model" of its development was losing its significance. Society felt the need to modernize many aspects of the sphere of interethnic relations. An example of the implementation of these measures was the North Caucasian region (restoration of national state formations, solution of territorial problems, improvement of the management system, implementation of a set of measures to implement new social technologies to manage national processes, appeal to the positive practices of the past in the implementation of transformations, consolidation of citizens based on constructive tasks). By no means all plans for the development of Soviet society were implemented during the period under review, which to a certain extent explains its further fate.

1. AGAEV A.G. Natsiya, ee sushchnost' i samosoznanie [The nation, its essence and self-consciousness]. IN: Voprosy istorii. –1967. – No. 7. − P. 87-104. (In Russian)

2. ANANCHENKO N.P. Ot natsii k internatsional'noi obshchnosti lyudei [From the nation to the international community of people]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1967. – No. 3. – P. 23-35. (In Russian)

3. AP RF – Arkhiv prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Archive of the President of the Russian Federation]. (In Russian)

4. BUGAY N.F. Chechenskaya Respublika: konfrontatsiya, stabil'nost', mir [Chechen Republic: confrontation, stability, peace]. − M.: Grif i Ko, 2006. − 476 p. (In Russian)

5. BUGAY N.F. Reabilitatsiya repressirovannykh grazhdan Rossii (XX – nachalo XXI veka) [Rehabilitation of repressed citizens of Russia (XX - early XXI century)]. − M.: MSNK-Press, 2006. – 464 p. (In Russian)

6. BURMISTROVA T.Yu. Nekotorye voprosy teorii natsii [Some questions of the theory of the nation]. IN: Voprosy istorii. − 1966. − No. 12. − P. 100-110. (In Russian)

7. Die vergessenen Opfer der Mauer: Flucht und Inhaftierung in Deutschland 1961-1989 / Hrsg.: Stiftung Gedenkstätte BerlinHohenschönhausen. – Berlin: KOMAG, 2005. – 65 s. (In German)

8. DROZDOV I.F. Yavlyayutsya li traditsii priznakom natsii? [Are traditions a sign of a nation?]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1968. – No. 3. – P. 83-91. (In Russian)

9. DZHUNUSOV M.S. Natsiya kak sotsial'no-etnicheskaya obshchnost' lyudei [Nation as a socio-ethnic community of people]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1966. – No. 4. – P. 109-116. (In Russian)

10. Entsiklopediya izgnaniya. Deportatsii, prinuditel'noe vyselenie i etnicheskaya chistka v Evrope v XX veke / Red. kol.: D. Brandes, Kh. Zundkhaussen, Sh. Trebst / Red.: D. Meshkov [Encyclopedia of Exile. Deportations, forced evictions and ethnic cleansing in Europe in the twentieth century / Ed. by D. Meshkov]. – M.: «ROSPEN», 2013. – 727 p. (In Russian)

11. Etnicheskii i religioznyi faktory v formirovanii i evolyutsii rossiiskogo gosudarstva / Otv. red. T.Yu. Krasovitskaya, V.A. Tishkov [Ethnic and religious factors in the formation and evolution of the Russian state / Ed. by T.Yu. Krasovitskaya, V.A. Tishkov]. – M.: Novyi khronograf, 2012. – 448 p. (In Russian)

12. GA RF – Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii [State Archive of the Russian Federation]. (In Russian)

13. GORYACHEVA A.I. Yavlyaetsya li psikhicheskii sklad priznakom natsii? [Is the mental warehouse a sign of a nation]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1967. – No. 8. – P. 91-104. (In Russian)

14. GROSHEV I.I. Bor'ba partii protiv natsionalizma [Party fight against nationalism]. − M.: Politizdat, 1974. – 127 p. (In Russian)

15. GROSHEV I.I. Istoricheskii opyt KPSS po osushchestvleniyu leninskoi natsional'noi politiki [Historical experience of the CPSU in the implementation of the Leninist nationality policy]. − M.: Mysl', 1967. – 420 p. (In Russian)

16. ISAEV M.I. Natsiya i yazyk [Nation and language]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1968. – No. 2. – P. 99-112. (In Russian)

17. Istoriya rossiiskikh nemtsev v dokumentakh (1763-1992 gg.) / Sost. V.A. Auman, V.G. Chebotareva [History of Russian Germans in documents (1763-1992) / Compiled by V.A. Auman, V.G. Chebotareva]. – M.: Mezhdunarodnyi institut gumanitarnykh programm, 1993. – 448 p. (In Russian)

18. KALTAKHCHYAN S.T. K voprosu o ponyatii «natsiya» [On the question of the concept of "nation"]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1966. – No. 6. – P. 57-71. (In Russian)

19. KOZLOV V.I. Nekotorye problemy teorii natsii [Some problems of the theory of the nation]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1967. – No. 1. – P. 10-24. (In Russian)

20. KULICHENKO M.I. Natsional'nye otnosheniya i tendentsiya ikh razvitiya [National relations and the tendency of their development]. − M.: Mysl', 1972. – 563 p. (In Russian)

21. LASHUK L.P. O formakh donatsional'nykh etnicheskikh svyazei [On the forms of pre-national ethnic ties]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1967. – No. 4. – P. 77-92. (In Russian)

22. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral'nogo Komiteta KPSS, 19-20 sentyabrya 1989 g. [Materials of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, September 19-20, 1989]. – M.: Politizdat, 1989. – 255 p. (In Russian)

23. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral'nogo Komiteta KPSS, 27-28 yanvarya 1987 g. [Materials of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, January 27-28, 1987]. – M.: Politizdat, 1987. – 94 p. (In Russian)

24. Materialy XIX Vsesoyuznoi konferentsii Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soyuza. 28 iyunya – 1 iyulya 1988 goda [Materials of the XIX All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. June 28 – July 1, 1988]. – M.: Politizdat, 1988. – 160 p. (In Russian)

25. MIKHAILOVA N.V. Kontseptual'naya evolyutsiya natsional'noi i federativnoi politiki v Rossii: diss. ... doktora politicheskikh nauk [Conceptual Evolution of National and Federal Politics in Russia: Dissertation for the Doctor of Political Science Degree]. – M., 2012. – 338 p. (In Russian)

26. MNATSAKANYAN M.O. Natsiya i natsional'naya gosudarstvennost' [Nation and national statehood]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1966. – No. 9. – P. 27-36. (In Russian)

27. Osnovnye napravleniya izucheniya natsional'nykh otnoshenii v SSSR / Otv. red. M.I. Kulichenko [The main directions of studying national relations in the USSR / Executive editor M.I. Kulichenko]. − M.: Nauka, 1979. – 319 p. (In Russian)

28. «Po resheniyu Pravitel'stva Soyuza SSR...» (Deportatsiya narodov: dokumenty i materialy) / Sostaviteli, avtory predisloviya, kommentarii: N.F.Bugai, A.M.Gonov ["By the decision of the Government of the USSR ..." (Deportation of peoples: documents and materials) / Compilers, authors of the preface, comments: N.F. Bugay, A.M. Gonov]. – Nalchik: Izdatel'skii tsentr «El'-Fa», 2003. – 927 p. (In Russian)

29. Postanovlenie Soveta Ministrov DSSR ot 2 dekabrya 1991 g. No. 243 «O priznanii utrativshimi silu nekotorykh reshenii Pravitel'stva DSSR, prinyatykh v svyazi s nasil'stvennym pereseleniem chechenskogo naseleniya v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny» [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the DSSR of December 2, 1991 No. 243 "On recognizing as invalid some decisions of the Government of the DSSR adopted in connection with the forced resettlement of the Chechen population during the Great Patriotic War"]. IN: Respublika Dagestan: sovremennye problemy natsional'nykh otnoshenii (V dokumentakh Verkhovnogo Soveta, Soveta Ministrov i obshchestvennykh ob"edinenii) [The Republic of Dagestan: Contemporary Problems of National Relations (In the documents of the Supreme Council, Council of Ministers and public associations)]. – Makhachkala: Pravitel'stvo Respubliki Dagestan, 1992. − P. 83-84. (In Russian)

30. «Pravda vostorzhestvuet – my verim v eto» ["Truth will prevail – we believe in it"]. IN: Noies leben. – July, 2010. − P. 7-11. (In Russian)

31. Repressirovannye narody Rossii: chechentsy i ingushi / Sost. N.F. Bugai [Repressed peoples of Russia: Chechens and Ingush / Comp. by N.F. Bugay]. − M.: Kap', 1994. – 259 p. (In Russian)

32. RGANI – Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii [Russian State Archives of Contemporary History]. (In Russian)

33. RGASPI – Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii [Russian State Archive of Social and Political History]. (In Russian)

34. ROSENKO M.N. Sovremennaya epokha i nekotorye voprosy teorii natsii [The modern era and some questions of the theory of the nation]. IN: Voprosy istorii. − 1968. − No. 7. − P. 40-49. (In Russian)

35. SEMENOV P.G. Natsiya i natsional'naya gosudarstvennost' v SSSR [Nation and national statehood in the USSR]. IN: Voprosy istorii. − 1966. − No. 7. – P. 72-81. (In Russian)

36. SHELEST P.E. ...Da ne sudimy budete: Dnevnikovye zapisi, vospominaniya chlena Politbyuro TsK KPSS [...And you will not be judged: Diary entries, memoirs of a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee]. – M.: Ed. Q: Kvintessentsiya, B. g. (1994). – 612 p. (In Russian)

37. SKUCHAEVA O.E. Zaselenie territorii byvshei Respubliki nemtsev Povolzh'ya v poslevoennoe vremya (1940-1960-e gg.) [Settlement of the territory of the former Republic of the Volga Germans in the post-war period (1940-1960s)]. IN: Nachal'nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiya rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglyad i otsenki cherez 70 let: materialy 3-i mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konferentsii. Saratov, 26-28 avgusta 2011 g. [The initial period of the Great Patriotic War and the deportation of Russian Germans: a view and assessments in 70 years: materials of the 3rd international scientific and practical conference. Saratov, August 26-28, 2011]. – M.: MSNK-press, 2011. – P. 480-487. (In Russian)

38. Stalinskie deportatsii. 1928-1953 / Pod obshch. red. akad. A.N. Yakovleva; Sost. NL. Pobol', P.M. Polyan [Stalin's deportations. 1928-1953 / Under the general editorship of Academician A.N. Yakovlev; Comp. by N.L. Pobol, P.M. Polyan]. – M.: MFD: Materik, 2005. – 904 p. (In Russian)

39. Stenogramma kustovogo soveshchaniya predsedatelei Soveta Ministrov, zamestitelei predsedatelei kraiispolkomov i oblispolkomov, respublik, kraev i oblastei Severnogo Kavkaza o zavershenii trudovogo i khozyaistvennogo ustroistva vozvrashchayushchegosya na prezhnie mesta zhitel'stva balkarskogo, chechenskogo, ingushskogo, kalmytskogo i karachaevskogo naseleniya. 25 avgusta 1960 g. g. Nalchik [A transcript of a cluster meeting of the chairmen of the Council of Ministers, deputy chairmen of regional executive committees and regional executive committees, republics, territories and regions of the North Caucasus on the completion of the labor and economic arrangement of the Balkar, Chechen, Ingush, Kalmyk and Karachai population returning to their former places of residence. August 25, 1960 Nalchik]. IN: Izvestiya SOIGSI. − 2011. − Iss. 5(44). − P. 91-141. (In Russian)

40. TAVAKALYAN N.A. Nekotorye voprosy ponyatiya «natsiya» [Some questions of the concept of "nation"]. IN: Voprosy istorii. − 1967. − No. 2. – P. 115-123. (In Russian)

41. Territoriya i vlast' v novoi i noveishei istorii Rossiiskogo gosudarstva / Otv. red. V.N. Zakharov [Territory and power in the modern and recent history of the Russian state / Ed. by V.N. Zakharov]. − M.: ROSSPEN, 2012. – 407 p. (In Russian)

42. TSAMERYAN I.P. Aktual'nye voprosy marksistsko-leninskoi teorii natsii [Topical issues of the Marxist-Leninist theory of the nation]. IN: Voprosy istorii. − 1967. − No. 6. – P. 107-122. (In Russian)

43. UBUSHAEV V.B. Kalmyki: vyselenie i vozvrashchenie. 1943-1957 [Kalmyks: eviction and return. 1943-1957]. – Elista: Sanan, 1991. – 92 p. (In Russian)

44. Vedomosti S"ezda narodnykh deputatov SSSR i Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR [Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR]. − 1989. – No. 25. (In Russian)

45. WOLF E.L., GEMPEL Yu.K. O sotsiokul'turnom stanovlenii soobshchestva rossiiskikh nemtsev – reabilitatsionnyi aspekt [On the socio-cultural formation of the community of Russian Germans – the rehabilitation aspect]. IN: Hoffnung (Nadezhda). – 2007. – No. 6. (In Russian)

46. ZAICHENKO V.M., SABIROV K. Obshchnost' psikhicheskogo sklada – odin iz sushchestvennykh priznakov natsii [The commonality of the mental warehouse is one of the essential features of a nation]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1968. – No. 5. – P. 75-81. (In Russian)