THE CAUCASUS: A ROCK IN THE GRINDING WHEELS OF WORLD HISTORY

The maze of high mountain ridges blocking the isthmus between the Black and Caspian seas renders the Caucasus a separate historical-geographical region. Since Bronze Age, it harbored endemic human populations with their peculiar languages that resisted assimilation from both the agrarian civilizations of Near East and the waves of nomadic invasions sweeping the Eurasian Steppes. Hence William McNeill’s metaphor of a ‘rock in the grinding wheels of history’. The Caucasus, however, has participated in the succession of ancient and medieval world-systems mostly as semi-periphery sending its inhabitants to the core as mercenaries, traders, or slaves. The modern world-system transformed the Caucasus even before incorporating it. First, new American crops (esp. maize) produced demographic explosion. Next, firearms successfully imitated by local gunsmiths shifted the balance of power from mounted knights to commoners. The spread of militant Islam in its original, pre-imperial forms, paradoxically, was the ideological consequence of early modernization and its social revolution in the North Caucasus. The demise of medieval mounted aristocracy enabled by firearms in the hands of commoners recapitulated in a very different context the armed democratizations of Ancient Greece and Rome. Maize, guns, and mountaineer democracy made the incorporation of the Caucasus by imperial Russia its costliest colonial conquest in material and human terms. The consequences reach into our days through ethno-nationalist conflicts that forcefully homogenized the ethnic map of the region.

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