Rules for emigration of peoples of the Northwestern and Central Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire in the Russian documents of the 2nd half of the 19th century

The rules intended to regulate the emigration of peoples of the Northwestern and Central Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire in the 2nd half of the 19th century are contained mainly in the office documentation of Russian military and administrative bodies: the administrations of the Caucasian Military District, the Main headquarters of the Caucasian Army, the headquarters of the troops of the Kuban region, the administrations of the chiefs of the Kabardin and Natukhai districts, the administrations of the Lower Kuban cordon line, the Maykop fortification, etc. (reports, letters, prescriptions, reviews, relations, conditions). The content of the paragraphs of many documents in this group is the same. The rules established for groups and individuals preparing to move to the Ottoman Empire a time frame, points for obtaining foreign passports and departure, routes and conditions for their movement in the Caucasus, conditions for their sale of livestock, etc. A number of documents contain the conditions under which Russian merchants were obliged to transport Circassians from the Caucasian to the Ottoman coast of Black Sea. A number of documents also say that military officials demanded that their subordinates speed up the emigration of the Circassians. The prescription of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the envoy to the Ottoman Empire (dated July 19, 1861) contains the positions and mutual demands of the Ottoman and Russian governments on the issue of the resettlement of Caucasian Muslims to the Ottoman Empire, as well as the some legal aspects of this process.

The content of the rules for regulating the migration of peoples of the Northwestern Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire in subsequent periods, in general, coincides with the content of such rules of the late 50s – 60s XIX century.

1. Arkhivnye materialy o Kavkazskoi voine i vyselenii cherkesov (adygov) v Turtsiyu (1848–1874). Chast' 2. [Archival materials about the Caucasian War and the eviction of the Circassians (Adyghs) to Turkey (1848–1874). Part 2]. Nal'chik: Ehl'-Fa, 2003. 415 p. (In Russ.).

2. BERZEJ N. Izgnaniya cherkesov: prichiny i posledstviya [Evictions of the Circassians: causes and consequences]. Nal'chik: OOO «Tetragraf», 2012. – 288 p. (In Russ.).

3. DZIDZARIYA G.A. Makhadzhirstvo i problemy istorii Abkhazii XIX stoletiya [Mahajirism and problems of the history of Abkhazia in the 19th century]. Sukhumi: Alashara, 1982. 530 p. (In Russ.).

4. Dogovor pomoshchnika pravitelya kantselyarii nachal'nika Kubanskoi oblasti S.K. Golubya i upravlyayushchego Odesskoi kontoroi Rossiiskogo obshchestva morskogo, rechnogo, sukhoputnogo strakhovaniya i transportirovaniya kladei V.P. Platkovskogo o perevozke 3500 gortsev iz Novorossiiska v Sinop. 1888 g., avgusta 30-go [Agreement between the assistant of the ruler of the office of the head of the Kuban region S.K. Golub and the manager of the Odessa office of the Russian Society of Marine, River, Land Insurance and Transportation of Treasures V.P. Platkovsky about the transportation of 3,500 highlanders from Novorossiysk to Sinop. 1888, August 30th]. IN: GAKK. F. 454. Op. 2. D. 4354. L. 53-54; Tragicheskie posledstviya... [The tragic consequences...]. P. 265-268. (In Russ.).

5. KASUMOV A.KH., KASUMOV KH.A. Genotsid adygov [Genocide of the Circassians]. Nal'chik: Logos, 1992. 200 p. (In Russ.).

6. KISHMAKHOV M.KH-B. Problemy ehtnicheskoi istorii i kul'tury ubykhov [Problems of ethnic history and culture of the Ubykhs]. Sukhum: ABIGI, 2012. 832 p. (In Russ.).

7. KUDAEVA S.G. Adygi (cherkesy) Severo-Zapadnogo Kavkaza v XIX veke: voina, iskhod, di-aspora [Adygs (Circassians) of the North-Western Caucasus in the XIX century: war, exodus, diaspora]. – Maikop: Izd-vo Magarin O.G., 2022. – 280 p. (In Russ.).

8. KUSHKHABIEV A.V. Istoriya zarubezhnoi cherkeskoi diaspory. Uchebnoe posobie. Izdanie 2-e, pererab. i dop. [History of the foreign Circassian diaspora. Tutorial. Edition 2, revised and additional]. Nalchik: KBNTs RAS, 2023. 248 p. (In Russ.).

9. KUSHKHABIEV A.V. Ocherki istorii zarubezhnoy cherkesskoy diasporyi [Essays on the history of the foreign Circassian diaspora]. Nalchik: El-Fa, 2007. 320 p. (In Russ.).

10. KUSHKHABIEV A.V. Problema repatriatsii cherkesskikh immigrantov iz Osmanskoi imperii vo 2-i polovine XIX – nachale XX veka v dokumentakh arkhivov Rossii i Gruzii [The problem of repatriation of Circassian immigrants from the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries in the documents of the archives of Russia and Georgia]. IN: Ehlektronnyi zhurnal «Kavkazologiya». – 2023. – № 3. – P. 293-317. – DOI: 10.31143/2542-212X-2023-3-293-317. (In Russ.).

11. KUSHKHABIEV A.V. Problemyi repatriatsii zarubezhnyih cherkesov: istoriya, politika, sotsialnaya praktika [Problems of repatriation of foreign Circassians: history, politics, social practice]. Nalchik: KBNTs RAS, 2013. 224 p. (In Russ.).

12. KUSHKHABIEV A.V. Cherkesskaya diaspora v arabskikh stranakh (XIX–XX vv.) [Circassian diaspora in Arab countries (XIX–XX centuries)]. Nalchik: IHPhE KBNC RAS, 1997. 227 p. (In Russ.).

13. KUSHKHABIEV A.V. Cherkesy v Sirii [Circassians in Syria]. Nalchik: El-Fa, 1993. 170 p. (In Russ.).

14. KUSHKHABIEV A.V. Ehtnopoliticheskaya i sotsial'naya istoriya zarubezhnoi diaspory [Ethnopolitical and social history of the foreign diaspora] // Adygi: Adygeitsy. Kabardintsy. Cherkesy. Shapsugi [Adygs: Adygeis. Kabardians. Circassians. Shapsugs] / resp. ed. OH. Abazov, Yu.D. Anchabadze, A.V. Kushkhabiev, M.M. Pashtova; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay RAS; Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Adyghe Republican Institute of Humanitarian Studies named after. T.M. Kerashev. – M.: Nauka, 2022. – (Narody i kul'tury) [(Peoples and Cultures)]. – P. 116-176. (In Russ.).

15. MAGOMEDDADAEV A.M. Ehmigratsiya dagestantsev v Osmanskuyu imperiyu (istoriya i sovremennost') [Emigration of Daghestanians to the Ottoman Empire (history and modernity)]. Makhachkala: Izd-vo DNTS RAN, 2001. 212 p. (In Russ.).

16. MILYUTIN D.A. Vospominaniya [Memories]. – M.: ROSSPEHN, 2004. – 560 p. (In Russ.).

17. Otzyv grafa Evdokimova nachal'niku Glavnogo shtaba o soglasii kuptsov Vlastori, Nikolaeva, Dzhamailova i Fon Shteina perevezti gortsev po tsene ot 4 do 5 rub. 90 kop. za cheloveka. 1863 g., aprelya 12-go [Count Evdokimov’s response to the Chief of the Main Headquarters about the agreement of the merchants Vlastori, Nikolaev, Dzhamailov and von Stein to transport the highlanders at a price of 4 to 5 rubles 90 kopecks per person. 1863, April 12th]. IN: TSGIA Gruzii. F. 416. Op. 3. D. 138. L. 12. Arkhivnye materialy... [Archival materials...]. P. 122-123. (In Russ.).

18. Otnoshenie shtaba voisk Kubanskoi oblasti pomoshchniku nachal'nika Natukhaiskogo okruga Kryzhanovskomu o predostavlenii emu prava razreshit' (sverkh 400 semeistv) gortsam pereselyat'sya v Turtsiyu, no ne za schet kazny. St. Khabl'skaya. 1863 g., maya 8-go [The attitude of the headquarters of the troops of the Kuban region to the assistant chief of the Natukhai district Kryzhanovsky about granting him the right to allow (over 400 families) mountaineers to move to Turkey, but not at the expense of the treasury. St. Khablskaya. 1863, May 8th]. IN: GAKK. F. 325. Op. 1. D. 301. L. 58-59; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 182-183. (In Russ.).

19. Otnoshenie glavnokomanduyushchego voiskami Kavkazskogo voennogo okruga voennomu ministru o svoikh soobrazheniyakh po povodu pereseleniya kavkazskikh gortsev v Turtsiyu. 1889 g., yanvarya 21-go [The attitude of the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasian Military District to the Minister of War about his considerations regarding the emigration of the Caucasian highlanders to Turkey. 1889, January 21st]. IN: RGVIA. F. 400. Op. Aziatskaya chast'. D. 8. L. 1-9; Tragicheskie posledstviya... [The tragic consequences]. P. 272-278. (In Russ.).

20. PANESH A.D. Zapadnaya Cherkesiya v sisteme vzaimodeistviya Rossii s Turtsiei, Angliei i Imamatom Shamilya v XIX v. [Western Circassia in the system of interaction between Russia and Turkey, England and the Shamil Imamate in the 19th century]. Maikop: MGTU, 2007. 240 p. (In Russ.).

21. Pis'mo komanduyushchego voiskami zaveduyushchemu Malo-Labinskoi liniei s izlozheniem uslovii dlya otpravlyayushchikhsya v Turtsiyu. 1859 g., iyulya 30-go [Letter from the commander of the troops to the head of the Malo-Labinskaya line outlining the conditions for those going to Turkey. 1859, July 30th]. IN: RGVIA. F. 14257. Op. 3. D. 468. L. 2-4; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 85-86. (In Russ.).

22. Pis'mo nachal'nika shtaba general-maiora Zotova nachal'niku Natukhaiskogo okruga gen-eral-maioru Babichu o poryadke ehmigratsii gortsev – «uvol'nyat' ikh pryamo na pereselenie, ne vydavaya im otpusknye godovye bilety». 1861 g. marta 23-go [A letter from the chief of headquar-ters, Major General Zotov, to the head of the Natukhai district, Major General Babich, about the procedure for the emigration of highlanders – “dismiss them directly for emigration, without issuing them annual vacation tickets.” 1861, March 23rd]. IN: GAKK. F. 389. Op. 1. D. 39. L. 10; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 118; Arkhivnye materialy... [Archival materials...]. P. 67-68. (In Russ.).

23. Pis'mo komanduyushchego voiskami generala Evdokimova nachal'niku Nizhne-Kubanskoi kordonnoi linii general-maioru Kukharenko o «poleznosti» udaleniya bzhedugov za granitsu. Stavropol' 1862 g., aprelya 20-go [Letter from the commander of the troops, General Evdokimov, to the head of the Lower Kuban cordon line, Major General Kukharenko, about the “usefulness” of removing the Bzhedugs abroad. Stavropol 1862, April 20th]. IN: RGVIA. F. 14257. Op. 3. D. 528. L. 4-5; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 156-157. (In Russ.).

24. Pis'mo generala Evdokimova nachal'niku Glavnogo shtaba Kartsovu ob usloviyakh, predlagaemykh kuptsom Fon-Shteinom dlya perevozki cherkesov. 1863 g., noyabrya 7-go [Letter from General Evdokimov to the Chief of the Main Headquarters Kartsov about the conditions pro-posed by the merchant Von-Stein for the transportation of Circassians. 1863, November 7th]. IN: TSGIA Gruzii. F. 416. Op. 3. D. 136. L. 5; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Cauca-sian War...]. P. 227. (In Russ.).

25. Pis'mo poverennogo v delakh Rossii v Konstantinopole D.S. Novikova nachal'niku glavnogo shtaba Kavkazskoi armii Kartsovu o rezul'tatakh peregovorov s turetskim pravitel'stvom o prinyatii pereselentsev i ob usloviyakh, vystavlennykh Turtsiei v svyazi s ozhidaemym massovym pereselenie v 1864 g. 1863 g., dekabrya 5-go [Letter from Charge d'Affaires of Russia in Constantinople D.S. Novikov to the Chief of the Main Headquarters of the Caucasian Army Kartsov on the results of negotiations with the Turkish government on the acceptance of settlers and on the conditions set by Turkey in connection with the expected mass emigration in 1864. 1863, December 5th]. IN: TSGIA Gruzii. F. 416. Op. 3. D. 1097. L. 1-2; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 235-236. (In Russ.).

26. Predpisanie Ministerstva inostrannykh del Rossii poslanniku v Ottomanskoi imperii Lobanovu-Rostovskomu po voprosam pereseleniya gortsev v Turtsiyu. 1861 g., ne ranee iyulya 19-go [Prescription from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the envoy to the Ottoman Empire, Lobanov-Rostovsky, on the issues of resettling the highlanders to Turkey. 1861, not earlier than July 19th]. IN: RGVIA. F. 38. Op. 30/286, sv. 869. D. 4. L. 15-18: Tragicheskie posledstviya... [The tragic consequences...]. P. 40-42. (In Russ.).

27. Predpisanie Evdokimova nachal'niku Maikopskogo ukrepleniya polkovniku Gorshkovu o pravilakh vyseleniya temirgoevtsev. 1862 g., maya 3-go [Evdokimov's prescription to the head of the Maikop fortification, Colonel Gorshkov, on the rules for the eviction of Temirgoyis. 1862, May 3rd]. IN: RGVIA. F. 14257. Op. 3. D. 528. L. 9-10; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 157-158. (In Russ.).

28. Predpisanie nachal'nika shtaba voisk general-maiora Zabudskogo nachal'niku ukrepleniya Maikopskogo polkovniku Gorshkovu o neobkhodimosti okazyvat' sodeistvie v skoreishem vyselenii abadzekhov. 1862 g., maya 4-go [Prescription from the chief of headquarters of the troops, Major General Zabudsky, to the head of the Maykop fortification, Colonel Gorshkov, on the need to assist in the speedy eviction of the Abadzekhs. 1862, May 4th]. IN: RGVIA. F. 14257. Op. 3. D. 528. L. 13; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 158. (In Russ.).

29. Predpisanie nachal'nika shtaba voisk Kubanskoi oblasti generala Zabudskogo nachal'niku Natukhaiskogo okruga, odobryayushchee mnenie ego pomoshchnika Kryzhanovskogo o perevozke gortsev ne na parokhodakh, kak ehto bylo predlozheno ran'she, a na kochermakh. 1863 g. – maya 9-go [Prescription of the chief of headquarters of the Kuban region troops, General Zabudsky, to the head of the Natukhai district, approving the opinion of his assistant Kryzhanovsky about transporting the highlanders not on ships, as was previously proposed, but on kochermas. 1863, May 9th]. IN: GAKK. F. 325. Op. 1. D. 301. L. 95-96; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 183. (In Russ.).

30. Predpisanie Evdokimova nachal'niku Natukhaiskogo okruga o perevozke natukhaitsev na turetskikh kochermakh i o vydache posobiya po 2 rub. na dushu (v krainikh sluchayakh). Stavropol'. 1863 g. dekabrya 31-go [Evdokimov’s prescription to the head of the Natukhai district to transport Natukhais on Turkish kochermas and to issue benefits of 2 rubles. per soul (in extreme cases). Stavropol. 1863, December 31st]. IN: GAKK. F. 325. Op. 1. D. 301. L. 144. Ob. i 152 ob.; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 249-250. (In Russ.).

31. Predpisanie nachal'nika glavnogo shtaba Kavkazskoi armii Kartsova chinovniku dlya osobykh poruchenii podpolkovniku Bat'yanovu po povodu organizatsii perevozki ubykhov. 1864 g. maya 16-go [Prescription from the Chief of the Main Headquarters of the Caucasian Army Kartsov to the official for special assignments, Lieutenant Colonel Batyanov, regarding the organization of transportation of the Ubykhs. 1864 May 16th]. IN: TSGIA Gruzii. F. 416. Op. 3. D. 145. L. 3-4; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 285-286. (In Russ.).

32. Predpisanie atamana Labinskogo otdela i. d. uchastkovogo nachal'nika nad gorskimi seleniyami ob ob"yavlenii gortsam uslovii, kotorye oni «dolzhny imet' na vidu pri razreshenii imi voprosa o tom, zhelayut li oni pereselit'sya v Turtsiyu ili zhelayut ostat'sya russko-poddannymi. 1895 g., yanvarya 7-go [Prescription of the ataman of the Labinsk department and doer of deeds the district commander over the mountain villages about announcing to the mountain people the conditions that they “must have in mind when resolving the question of whether they want to move to Turkey or want to remain Russian subjects. 1895, January 7th]. IN: GAKK. F. 454. Op. 2. D. 793-a. L. 80-82; Tragicheskie posledstviya... [The tragic consequences...]. P. 347-350. (In Russ.).

33. Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny i vyselenie cherkesov v predely Osmanskoi imperii (20-70-e gg. XIX v.). Sbornik arkhivnykh dokumentov [Problems of the Caucasian War and the deportation of Circassians to the Ottoman Empire (20-70s of the XIX century). Collection of archival documents]. Compiled by T.Kh. Kumykov. Nalchik, 2001. 496 p. (In Russ.).

34. Raport nachal'nika Kabardinskogo okruga Orbeliani Evdokimovu o rezul'tatakh peregovorov s kabardintsami, iz"yavivshimi zhelanie pereselit'sya v Turtsiyu (450 semei) 1860 g., aprelya 17-go [Report from the head of the Kabardian district Orbeliani to Evdokimov on the results of negotiations with Kabardians who expressed a desire to move to Turkey (450 families) 1860, April 17th]. IN: UTSGA AS KBR. F. 2. Op. 1. D. 465. L. 3, 3 ob; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 96-97; Tragicheskie posledstviya... [The tragic consequences... P. 18-20. (In Russ.).

35. Tragicheskie posledstviya Kavkazskoi voiny dlya adygov. Vtoraya polovina XIX – nachalo XX v. [The tragic consequences of the Caucasian war for the Circassians. Second half of the 19th – early 20th century]. Compiled by R.Kh. Gugov, H.A. Kasumov, D.V. Shabaev. Nalchik: Publishing Center «El'-FA», 2000. 463 p. (In Russ.).

36. Usloviya o prinyatii russkogo poddanstva zhitelyami Verkhnei Abadzekhii. 1863 g., oktyabrya 6-go [Conditions for the acceptance of Russian citizenship by residents of Upper Abadzekhia. 1863, October 6th]. IN: TSGIA Gruzii. F. 416. Op. 3. D. 134. L. 1-2; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 223-224. (In Russ.).

37. Uslovie, zaklyuchennoe mezhdu Kavkazskim vedomstvom i Russkim obshchestvom parokhodstva i torgovli o perevozke cherkesov v Turtsiyu (g. Odessa). 1864 g., maya 6-go [A condition concluded between the Caucasian Department and the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade on the transportation of Circassians to Turkey (Odessa). 1864, May 6th]. IN: TSGIA Gruzii. F. 416. Op. 3. D. 149. L. 3-4 ob; Problemy Kavkazskoi voiny... [Problems of the Caucasian War...]. P. 279-281. (In Russ.).