Institutions of socionormative culture of the Balkars in the activities of judicial institutions of the Nalchik district in the last third of the XIX century: problems of regulation of property relations

The article considers some problems of regulation of property relations of institutions of socionormative culture of Balkars in the activities of judicial institutions of the Nalchik district in the last third of the XIX century. These issues are considered on the example of disputes in the Nalchik Mountain verbal and mediation (mediation) courts over ownership of things and real estate, ownership of land plots, loss of crops, claims for missing cattle and disputes related to inheritance and payment of kalym. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the involvement of witnesses in the proceedings, as the basis for the formation of the evidence base. The features of the appointment of material compensation for property offenses are considered. The specifics of documenting various forms of property relations among Balkars in the last third of the XIX century have been studied. The role of mediation (mediation) courts in resolving property disputes among the Balkars at the time under consideration is shown. It has been established that the customary law of the Balkars and Sharia were effectively applied in resolving property disputes based on some traditional mechanisms: the use of witness testimony as the basis of evidence, the appointment of material compensation (fines) as a measure of responsibility for property offenses, the transfer of complex issues to the court of intermediaries, etc.

1. ABAZOV A.KH. Nal'chikskii okrug v sudebnoi sisteme Terskoi oblasti (poslednyaya tret' XIX – nachalo ХХ v.) [Nalchik district in the judicial system of the Tersk region (the last third of the XIX – early XX century)]. – Nal'chik, Izdatel'skii otdel KBIGI, 2014. – 104 p. (In Russ.).

2. ABAZOV A.KH. Narody Tsentral'nogo Kavkaza v sudebnoi sisteme Rossiiskoi imperii v kontse XVIII – nachale ХХ v. [The peoples of the Central Caucasus in the judicial system of the Russian Empire at the end of the XVIII – early XX century]. – Nal'chik: OOO «Pechatnyi dvor», 2016. – 264 p. (In Russ.).

3. ABAZOV A.KH. Nekotorye osobennosti regulirovaniya sotsial'nykh konfliktov u kabar-dintsev i balkartsev v 1870–1917 gg. [Some features of the regulation of social conflicts among Kabardians and Balkars in 1870-1917]. In: Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsial'nykh problem. – 2018. – T. 10. – № 1. – P. 69–81. (In Russ.).

4. ABAZOV A.KH., KHACHERITLOV M.ZH. Traditsionnye formy resheniya sporov i kon-fliktov v sudebnoi sisteme Terskoi oblasti v poslednei treti XIX – nachale ХХ v. [Traditional forms of dispute resolution and conflicts in the judicial system of the Tersk region in the last third of the XIX – early XX century]. In: Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'tur-ologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. – Tambov: Gramota, 2016. – № 6 (68): v 2-kh ch. – Ch. 1. – P. 13–16. (In Russ.).

5. AZAMATOV K.G. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie i obychnoe pravo balkartsev v pervoi polovine XIX veka [Socio-economic situation and customary law of the Balkars in the first half of the XIX century]. – Nal'chik: El'brus, 1968. – 108 p. (In Russ.).

6. Antologiya pamyatnikov prava narodov Kavkaza. Pamyatniki prava Balkarii [Anthology of monuments of the law of the peoples of Kavka-za. Monuments of the law of Balkaria]. T. 11 / Sost.: Yakhtanigov Z.A. – M.: Pero, 2012. – 464 c. (In Russ.).

7. ASANOV YU.N. Obychno-pravovoe regulirovanie soslovnykh otnoshenii v traditsionnom balkarskom obshchestve [Customary legal regulation of class relations in the traditional Balkarian society]. In: Vestnik Instituta gumanitarnykh issledovanii Pravitel'stva Kabardino-Balkarskoi Respubliki i Kabardino-Balkarskogo Nauchnogo tsentra Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. – 2015. – № 3 (26). – P. 35-42. (In Russ.).

8. BABICH I.L. Ideologicheskii fundament vozrozhdeniya obychnogo i musul'manskogo prava v Kabardino-Balkarii [The ideological foundation of the revival of customary and Muslim law in Kabardino-Balkaria]. In: ISLAM I PRAVO V ROSSII. Materialy nauchno-prakticheskogo semina-ra " Musul'manskoe pravo v mire i v Rossii" (Severnyi Kavkaz, Povolzh'e). – M: Rossiiskii uni-versitet druzhby narodov (RUDN), 2004. – P. 186–195. (In Russ.).

9. BABICH I.L. Sootnoshenie obychnogo prava i shariata v pravovoi istorii kabardintsev i bal-kartsev [Correlation of customary law and Sharia in the legal history of Kabardins and Balkars]. In: Chelovek i obshchestvo na Kavkaze: problemy pravovogo bytiya: Materialy vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii. – Stavropol': Stavropol'skii gosudarstvennyi agrarnyi univer-sitet, 2002. – P. 86–95. (In Russ.).

10. BITOVA E.G. Balkarskaya znat' v usloviyakh vklyucheniya v administrativno-politicheskuyu sistemu Rossiiskoi imperii [Balkarian nobility in conditions of inclusion in the administrative and political system of the Russian Empire]. In: Istoricheskii vestnik. – 2005. – № 2. – P. 141–164. (In Russ.).

11. BITOVA E.G. Sotsial'naya istoriya Balkarii ХIХ v. [Social history of Balkaria of the XIX century]. – Nal'chik: El'brus, 1997. – 173 p. (In Russ.).

12. Veka sovmestnoi istorii: narody Kabardino-Balkarii v rossiiskom tsivilizatsionnom protsesse (1557–1917 gg.) [Centuries of joint history: the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria in the Russian civ-ilizational process (1557-1917)]. – Nal'chik: Izdatel'skii otdel IGI KBNTs RAN, 2017. – 544 p. (In Russ.).

13. VOLGINA A.P. Obychnoe pravo narodov Severnogo Kavkaza v sisteme rossiiskogo prava v XIX–XX vv. [The customary law of the peoples of the North Caucasus in the system of Russian law in the XIX–XX centuries]: avtoreferat dis... k.yu.n.: 12.00.01 / Stavrop. gos. un-t. – Stavropol', 2004. – 26 p. (In Russ.).

14. GRANKIN YU.YU. Sotsial'noe ustroistvo i modeli upravleniya v sisteme gorskikh ob-shchestv Severnogo Kavkaza v pervoi polovine XIX veka [Social structure and management mod-els in the system of mountain societies of the North Caucasus in the first half of the XIX century]. In: Gumanitarnye i yuridicheskie issledovaniya. – 2020. – № 3. – P. 28-35. (In Russ.).

15. DOKLAEV N.S. Zakreplenie normami obychnogo prava soslovnoi struktury karachaevtsev i balkartsev v ХVIII – pervoi polovine XIX vekov [Consolidation of the class structure of Karachai and Balkars in the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries by the norms of customary law]. In: Ev-raziiskii yuridicheskii zhurnal. – 2012. – № 8 (51). – P. 66–67. (In Russ.).

16. DOKLAEV N.S. Regulirovanie normami obychnogo prava zemel'nykh otnoshenii u ka-rachaevtsev i balkartsev v pervoi polovine XIX veka [Regulation by the norms of customary law of land relations among Karachay and Balkars in the first half of the XIX century]. In: Evraziiskii yuridicheskii zhurnal. – 2012. – № 9 (52). – P. 64–65. (In Russ.).

17. DOKLAEV N.S. Sistema, priznaki i struktura norm obychnogo prava karachaevtsev i bal-kartsev [The system, signs and structure of the norms of customary law of Karachay and Balkars]. In: Nauka i obrazovanie na rubezhe tysyacheletii: sbornik nauchno-issledovatel'skikh rabot. – Kis-lovodsk: NOO VPO (NP) "Kislovodskii gumanitarno-tekhnicheskii institut", 2011. – P. 118–123. (In Russ.).

18. Karachaevtsy. Balkartsy [Karachai people. Balkars] / otv. red. M D. Karaketov, Kh.-M.A . Sabanchiev – M.: Nauka, 2014. – 815 p. (Seriya «Narody i kul'tury»).(In Russ.).

19. MURATOVA E.G. Obychnoe pravo narodov Kavkaza: fiksatsiya i publikatsiya materialov [Customary law of the peoples of the Caucasus: fixation and publication of materials]. In: IX Kongress etnografov i antropologov Rossii. Tezisy dokladov. – Petrozavodsk: Karel'skii nauchnyi tsentr Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, 2011. – P. 448. (In Russ.).

20. MURATOVA E.G. Sudebnaya sistema v transformiruyushchikhsya obshchestvakh (na pri-mere Balkarii XIX v.) [The judicial system in transforming societies (on the example of Balkaria of the XIX century)]. In: Pravo v zerkale zhizni. Issledovaniya po yuridicheskoi antropologii. Ros-siiskaya akad. nauk, In-t etnologii i antropologii im. N. N. Miklukho-Maklaya; otv. red. N. I. Novikova. – Moskva: Izdatel'skii dom "Strategiya", 2006. – P. 199-214. (In Russ.).

21. NUKHRIKYAN E.S. Normativno-pravovaya osnova obshchestvennogo imushchestva Kara-chaya i Balkarii v poreformennyi period (1860-e gg. – nachalo ХХ v.) [The normative and legal basis of public society in Karachay and Balkaria in the post-reform period (1860s – early twenti-eth century)]. In: Politika i obshchestvo. – 2015. – № 6 (126). – P. 709-716. (In Russ.).

22. Rossiya i narody Severnogo Kavkaza v XVI – seredine XIX veka: sotsiokul'turnaya distantsi-ya i dvizhenie k gosudarstvenno-politicheskomu edinstvu [Russia and the peoples of the North Caucasus in the XVI – mid-XIX century: socio–cultural distance and movement towards state and political unity]: monografiya / Dzamikhov K.F., Borov A.Kh. [i dr.]. – Nal'chik: Redaktsionno-izdatel'skii otdel IGI KBNTs RAN, 2018. – 268 p. (In Russ.).

23. TEMIRBULATOV I.I. Grazhdanskoe i ugolovnoe pravo karachaevtsev i balkartsev v XVII-XIX vv. [Civil and criminal law of the Karachays and the Balkars in the XVII-XIX centuries]. In: MITS-NAUKA: mezhdunarodnyi nauchnyi vestnik: setevoe elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie. – 2006. – № 4. – P. 49. (In Russ.).

24. Upravlenie Tsentral'nogo gosudarstvennogo arkhiva Arkhivnoi sluzhby Kabardino-Balkarskoi Respubliki. F. I-22 «Nal'chikskii gorskii slo-vesnyi sud» [Mountain District Court]. Nalchik. (In Russ.).

25. YAKHTANIGOV Z.A. Obychnoe pravo v sisteme yuridicheskogo plyuralizma [Customary law in the system of legal pluralism]. In: Yuridicheskii mir. – 2008. – № 11. – P. 70-75. (In Russ.).