The contribution of Grozny oil educational institutions to the formation of an engineering and tech-nical stratum in the structure of Chechen society (1920-1930s)
https://doi.org/10.31143/2542-212X-2024-4-111-126
EDN: DEXWCN
Abstract
The policy of indigenization in national regions initiated by the Bolshevik Party in the 1920s and 1930s assumed, along with the creation of written languages, the transfer of schools and office work to native languages, the formation of a social stratum of the proletariat and engineering and technical workers from among the indigenous inhabitants. This problem was especially acute in Chechnya, although a powerful oil industry complex had formed on its territory as early as the end of the 18th century. However, due to restrictions associated with the ongoing Caucasian War, the indigenous people did not have access to industries and enterprises. Another obstacle was the mass illiteracy of the highlanders, which deprived them of the opportunity to study in educational institutions in Russia. The policy of the tsarist administration also did not contribute to the spread of education in the region. The lag of the Chechens in the field of education manifested itself during the period of restoration of the national economy after the destructive revolutions and civil war. In particular, this applied to the Grozny oil industry, which was of great importance for the economy of the entire country. Meanwhile, the implementation of the recovery program was hampered by an acute shortage of qualified personnel: foreign specialists left the country, as did a significant portion of engineers and workers resettled from Russian provinces. The situation around training specialists from indigenous nationalities began to change only with the establishment of Soviet power. The Bolshevik program of indigenization assumed the formation of a layer of workers and engineering and technical workers in the national regions, who would become the support of Soviet power in the region. The system of oil educational institutions established in the 1920s made it possible in many respects to train specialists from among the indigenous nationalities, which helped to change the ethno-social structure of Grozny.
About the Authors
Muslim M. Murdalov
N.N. Miklouho-Maclay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Lema A. Turpalov
Kh. Ibragimov Complex institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. V bor'be za neft'. 1-y Vsesoyuznyy slet neftyanykh VTUZov v Groznom [In the fight for oil. 1st All-Union meeting of oil higher technical educational institutions in Grozny]. – Baku, 1931. – 364 p. (In Russ.).
2. VISAITOV A. Sozdadim kadry chechenskogo proletariata [Let us create a cadre of the Che-chen proletariat]. In: Groznenskiy neftyanik. – 1931. – № 6–7. – P. 26. (In Russ.).
3. Groznenskiy neftyanoy tekhnicheskiy universitet imeni akademika M.D. Millionshchikova (1920-2020) [Grozny Petroleum Technical University named after Academician M.D. Million-shchikov (1920-2020)] / M.SH. Mintsayev, (Otv. red.), I.G. Gayrabekov, B.A. Grigor'yev, SH.SH. Zaurbekov, SH.K. Idilov, I.A. Ibragimov, D.S. Kurumov, L.SH. Machukayeva, S.-A.YU. Murtaza-yev, R.R. Salgiriyev, S.-Ye.A. Khasiyev. – Groznyy, 2021. – 228 p. (In Russ.).
4. GLADKOV. O shefskoy rabote GNI nad rabfakom [On the patronage work of the State Sci-entific Inspectorate over the workers’ faculty]. In: Za proletarskiye kadry. – 1935, March 19. (In Russ.).
5. GONTA T. Geroyam Groznogo – «Orden Lenina» [To the Heroes of Grozny - “Medal of Lenin”]. – Moscow: Profizdat, 1931. – 120 c. (In Russ.).
6. O Groznenskom neftyanom prakticheskom institute [About the Grozny Oil Practical Institute] No author // Gorskaya pravda. – 1922, July 16. (In Russ.).
7. GUTIEVA M. A. Politika korenizatsii kadrov i osobennosti yeye realizatsii na Severnom Kavkaze v 1920-1930-ye gg [Policy of Korenization of Personnel and Features of its Implementation in the North Caucasus in 1920-1930s]. In: Humanities and Social Sciences. – 2011. – № 1. – Pp. 2-7.
8. DAUKAYEV A.A. Neftegazovaya otrasl' Chechenskoy Respubliki: istoriya i sovremennost' (k 130-letiyu promyshlennoy dobychi nefti) [Oil and gas industry of the Chechen Republic: history and modernity (on the 130th anniversary of industrial oil production)]. In: Izv. vuzov. Sev.-Kavk. re-gion. Yestestv. nauki. – 2023. – № 3. – P. 93–99. (In Russ.).
9. DZHAMBULATOVA Z.K. Kul'turnoye stroitel'stvo v Sovetskoy Checheno-Ingushetii (1920–1940 gody) [Cultural construction in Soviet Chechen-Ingushetia (1920–1940)]. – Groznyy: Chech.-Ing. kn. izd-vo, 1974. – 233 p. (In Russ.).
10. DZHAFAROV K.I. Istoriya tekhniki i tekhnologii neftyanogo dela na Severnom Kavkaze [His-tory of engineering and technology of oil business in the North Caucasus]: Diss. … d-ra tekhn. nauk. Moscow, 1999. – 415 p. (In Russ.).
11. DZHAFAROV K.I., DZHAFAROV A.K. O groznenskom neftyanom dele. Groznenskoy neftyanoy promyshlennosti 130 let (1893–2023 gg.) [About the Grozny oil business. Grozny oil in-dustry is 130 years old (1893–2023)]. – 2023. https://neftegas.info/articles/article/72 29.03.2024 3:27. (In Russ.).
12. D'YACHENKO L.N. Istoricheskiy opyt podgotovki natsional'nykh kadrov rabochego klassa v Severnoy Osetii i Checheno-Ingushetii [Historical experience of training national cadres of the work-ing class in North Ossetia and Checheno-Ingushetia] / Problemy Otechestvennoy istorii. – Moscow, 1991. – Issue 1. – P. 134–154. (In Russ.).
13. ZAKHIRAYEVA Z.A. Tekhnicheskoye osnashcheniye i kadrovoye obespecheniye nefte-gazovoy promyshlennosti SSSR v 1920-1930-ye gg. (na materialakh Chechni i Ingushetii) [Technical equipment and personnel support of the oil and gas industry of the USSR in the 1920s-1930s (based on materials from Chechnya and Ingushetia)]: dissertation of a candidate of historical sciences. –Pyatigorsk, 2008. – 175 p. (In Russ.).
14. ZAKHIRAYEVA Z.A. Groznenskaya shkola neftyanikov i yeye rol' v vosstanovlenii i razvitii Groznenskogo neftenosnogo rayona (1920 - nachalo 1940-kh gg.): sotsialisticheskoye stroitel'stvo, «Korenizatsiya kadrov» i repressii [Grozny school of oil workers and its role in the restoration and development of the Grozny oil region (1920 - early 1940s): socialist construction, "Indigenization of personnel" and repressions]. In: Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Istoriya Rossii. – 2007. – № 3. – P. 106. (In Russ.).
15. IGOLKIN A.A. Neftyanaya politika SSSR v 1928-1940-m godakh [Oil policy of the USSR in 1928-1940.]. - Moskva: Informatsionnyy tsentr instituta rosssiyskoy istorii RAN, 2005. –261 p. (In Russ.).
16. KERIMOV I.A., MACHUKAYEVA L.SH. Rol' Groznenskogo neftyanogo instituta v reali-zatsii politiki korenizatsii kadrov neftyanoy promyshlennosti Severnogo Kavkaza (1920 – nachalo 40-kh gg.) [The role of the Grozny Oil Institute in the implementation of the policy of indigenization of personnel in the oil industry of the North Caucasus (1920 - early 40s)]. In: Vestnik Akademii nauk Chechenskoy Respubliki. – 2021. № 2 (53). – P. 48-55. (In Russ.).
17. KOSTETSKIY I. Kadry komandirov neftyanoy promyshlennosti [Cadres of commanders of the oil industry]. In: Groznenskiy rabochiy. – 1941, May 30. (In Russ.).
18. MOLLAYEV KH. Organizovanno poydem v GNI [We will enter the Grozny Oil Institute in an organized manner]. In: Za proletarskiye kadry. – 1935, March 19.
19. N.M. Organizuyem nabor v GNI chechentsev i ingushey [We organize recruitment of Che-chens and Ingush to the Grozny Oil Institute]. In: Za proletarskiye kadry. – 1935, March 8. (In Russ.).
20. Organizovanno provedem nabor studentov v 1935 g. [We will conduct an organized recruit-ment of students in 1935]. No author. // Za proletarskiye kadry. – 1935, March 8. (In Russ.).
21. Russian State Archive of Economics.
22. RYASINTSEVA N. Nachalo uchebnogo goda v vuzakh [Beginning of the academic year in universities]. In: Groznenskiy rabochiy. – 1940, September 5. (In Russ.).
23. SKOROKHODOV A.V. Groznenskaya neftyanaya promyshlennost' k ⅩⅩ godovshchine Ok-tyabrya [Grozny oil industry to the 20th anniversary of October]. In: Groznenskiy neftyanik. – 1937. – № 10. – P. 5–15. (In Russ.).
24. Sterch-Kertychka – pervyy rabochiy gorod gornoy Chechni. No author. [Sterc-Kertichka – the first working town of mountainous Chechnya]. In: Groznenskiy neftyanik. – 1931. – № 4–5. – P. 114. (In Russ.).
25. SULUMOV Z.KH. Stanovleniye i razvitiye neftyanoy promyshlennosti Chechni (ХIХ-ХХ vv.) [Formation and development of the oil industry in Chechnya (19th-20th centuries)]: monograph. – Groznyy: CHGPU; Makhachkala: ALEF, 2021. – 166 p.
26. KHADZHALIYEV. Pomogite ostat'sya na uchebe (Pis'mo studenta-chechentsa) [Help me stay in school (Letter from a Chechen student)]. In: Za proletarskiye kadry. – 1934, November 23. (In Russ.).
27. CHAMROV F. Pobeda neftyanikov – pobeda general'noy linii partii [Victory of the oil work-ers is a victory of the general line of the party]. In: Groznenskiy neftyanik. – 1931. – № 6–7. – P. 6–10. (In Chechen).
28. Chechnya – neft': Istoriya neftyanoy promyshlennosti. 1920–1930-ye gody [Chechnya – Oil: History of the Oil Industry. 1920–1930s] / Comp. D. Murdalov. – Ridero, 2022.– 548 p. (In Russ.).
29. SHABLITSKIY A., POPOV V. Voz'mem neftyanoy perekop: Pokhod za chernoye zoloto Groznenskogo komsomola (K ⅩⅠ s"yezdu VLKSM) [Let's take the oil dig: The Grozny Komsomol's campaign for black gold (To the 11th Congress of the Komsomol)]. – Rostov-na-Donu; Severnyy Kavkaz, 1931. – 140 p. (In Russ.).
30. EDIYEV M. Vam «neud» (Pis'mo studenta-chechentsa) [You get a “fail” (Letter from a Che-chen student)]. In: Za proletarskiye kadry. – 1934, November 23. (In Russ.).
Review
For citations:
Murdalov M.M., Turpalov L.A. The contribution of Grozny oil educational institutions to the formation of an engineering and tech-nical stratum in the structure of Chechen society (1920-1930s). Kavkazologiya. 2024;(4):111-126. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31143/2542-212X-2024-4-111-126. EDN: DEXWCN
Views:
8
Email this article 